(DOWNLOAD) "Impact of Water Level Changes on Commercial Navigation in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River." by Canadian Journal of Regional Science " Book PDF Kindle ePub Free
eBook details
- Title: Impact of Water Level Changes on Commercial Navigation in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River.
- Author : Canadian Journal of Regional Science
- Release Date : January 22, 1996
- Genre: Social Science,Books,Nonfiction,
- Pages : * pages
- Size : 212 KB
Description
This paper estimates the impact on commercial navigation of, first, the implementation of proposed water level regulation measures for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River and, second, a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The impetus for the development of new water level regulations was the high water levels experienced on most of the Great Lakes in the mid 1980s. These levels resulted from almost two decades of above normal precipitation and below normal evaporation in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin. They were a major cause of flooding, erosion, and shoreline damage. The International Joint Commission was asked to examine and report on measures to alleviate the adverse consequences of fluctuating water levels. The Commission established a Levels Reference Study Board which, in proposing ways of reducing the impacts of varying Great Lakes-St. Lawrence water levels, developed a number of new water level regulation measures. Changes in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River levels are important to commercial navigation. Most vessels in the Great Lakes are constructed to take advantage of maximum allowable depths; their under-keel clearances in locks, harbours, and connecting channels are often less than one metre. Thus, even small decreases in water depths can reduce vessel carrying capacities and increase unit transportation costs. The impacts of water level changes are examined by simulating a recent year's (1989) pattern of shipments in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River with each of the proposed water level regulation measures in place and determining the changes in variable shipping costs resulting from each measure. A similar simulation is done using the water levels resulting from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. All impacts are compared to a benchmark reflecting historic hydrologic conditions and current water management structures and procedures
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